I am not familiar with the chipset but a quick search does show that the wifi adapter supports dual band. If you can only see 2.4ghz, naturally you will be able to see less if some potential access points decided (for any reason) to disable the 2.4ghz band.
Before running airodump, be sure to verify that you are in monitor mode. There are also some options for seeing if there are any problems with your setup that prevents your card from entering monitor mode. You'll want to use
airmon-ng <check|check kill>
for this check and refer to the documentation for more information.
airmon-ng start <interface>
airmon-ng check kill
airodump-ng <options> <monitor-interface>
Also, what does your output look like when you start in monitoring mode?
If you are concerned with a dual boot because of malware, there are ways you can jail or isolate your environments or malware. Look into sandboxing, for example.
If you want to quickly test the hypothesis that it might be a VM configuration issue, do a live boot. Throw Kali on a usb drive, and boot directly from the usb drive. You'll be prompted to do a Live Boot or Install kali. Do a Live Boot. It won't impact your main operation system.